Child Psychology and Development

Child Psychology and Development Theories Developmental Psychology Print Child Psychology and Development By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Aron Janssen, MD on November 19, 2019 linkedin Aron Janssen, MD is board certified in child, adolescent, and adult psychiatry and is the vice chair of child and adolescent psychiatry Northwestern University.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Aron Janssen, MD on November 19, 2019 Yusuke Murata / Getty Images More in Theories Developmental Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Child psychology is one of the many branches of psychology and one of the most frequently studied specialty areas. This particular branch focuses on the mind and behavior of children from prenatal development through adolescence. Child psychology deals not only with how children grow physically, but with their mental, emotional, and social development as well. Historically, children were often viewed simply as smaller versions of adults. When Jean Piaget suggested that children actually think differently than adults, Albert Einstein proclaimed that the discovery was so simple that only a genius could have thought of it. Today, psychologists recognize that child psychology is unique and complex, but many differ in terms of the unique perspective they take when approaching development. Experts also differ in their responses to some of the bigger questions in child psychology, such as whether early experiences matter more than later ones or whether nature or nurture plays a greater role in certain aspects of development. Because childhood plays such an important role in the course of the rest of life, it is little wonder why this topic has become such an important one within psychology, sociology, and education. Experts focus only on the many influences that contribute to normal child development, but also to various factors that might lead to psychological problems during childhood. Self-esteem, school, parenting, social pressures, and other subjects are all of tremendous interest to child psychologists who strive to help kids develop and grow in ways that are healthy and appropriate. Different Contexts of Child Psychology When you think of development, what comes to mind? If you are like most people, you probably think about the internal factors that influence how a child grows, such as genetics and personal characteristics. However, development involves much more than the influences that arise from within an individual. Environmental factors such as social relationships and the culture in which we live also play essential roles. Some of the major contexts that we need to consider in our analysis of child psychology include: The Social Context: Relationships with peers and adults have an effect on how children think, learn and develop. Families, schools and peer groups all make up an important part of the social context.The Cultural Context: The culture a child lives in contributes a set of values, customs, shared assumptions and ways of living that influence development throughout the lifespan. Culture may play a role in how children relate to their parents, the type of education they receive and the type of childcare that is provided.The Socioeconomic Context: Social class can also play a major role in child development. Socioeconomic status (often abbreviated as SES), is based upon a number of different factors including how much education people have, how much money they earn, the job they hold and where they live. Children raised in households with a high socioeconomic status tend to have greater access to opportunities, while those from households with lower socioeconomic status may have less acces s to such things as health care, quality nutrition, and education. Such factors can have a major impact on child psychology. Remember, all three of these contexts are constantly interacting. While a child may have fewer opportunities due to a low socioeconomic status, enriching social relationships and strong cultural ties may help correct this imbalance. Important Things to Consider Child psychology encompasses a wide range of topics, from the genetic influences on behavior to the social pressures on development. The following are just some of the major subjects that are essential to the study of child psychology: GeneticsEnvironmental InfluencesPrenatal DevelopmentSocial GrowthPersonality DevelopmentLanguageGender RolesCognitive DevelopmentSexual Development Child psychologists may specialize in helping kids cope with specific developmental concerns, or they may take a more general approach. In either case, these professionals strive to help kids overcome potential problems and grow in ways that lead to healthy outcomes. Child psychologists, for example, might look at which child care settings and practices lead to the best psychological outcomes or they might work with kids to help them develop growth mindsets.   Final Thoughts Understanding what makes kids tick is an enormous task, so the study of child psychology is both wide and deep. The ultimate goal of this field is to study the many influences that combine and interact to help make kids who they are and to use that information to improve parenting, education, child care,  psychotherapy, and other areas focused on benefiting children. By having a solid understanding of how children grow, think and behave, parents and professionals working with children can be better prepared to help the kids in their care.

Subculture The Meaning Of Style - Free Essay Example

Subculture: The meaning of style The reading by Dick Hebdige was published in 1979 and it describes the postwar subculture youth styles in Britain that were viewed as the symbolic systems of resistance. Hebdige in this book presents a model that evaluates the various subcultures by the youth and draws illustrations from literary critics, Marxist theories, American sociologists as well as French structuralisms in supporting the ideas raised in the book (Hebdige 8). The author suggests that every subculture undergoes a similar trajectory by outlining the style differences of individuals by explaining particular subcultures that came up such as the mods, Teddy boys, skinheads, rockers and punks. The race, historical, lass and socioeconomic conditions that influenced the development of every subculture is emphasized. However, this reading has several critiques even though it is o0ne of the most influential subculture publications. Hebdige in Subculture: The meaning of style claims that the youth subculture styles of postwar working class in Britain test the prevailing hegemony, ideologies as well as social normalization by employing the use of symbolic types of resistance. Particularly, Hebdige concentrates on the style of evolutions in different subcultures such as the mods, Teddy boys, rockers, punks and skinheads. The author also argues that style is developed by a combination of music, clothing, dance, drugs as well as make-up (Hebdige 23). The historical, race, class, socioeconomic and mass media contexts are described by every subculture. For example, He argues that the white punk and black reggae subcultures share common themes and they reject the national symbolism by the British. While the two subcultures appear to be unrelated, the two cultures share similar styles. According to Hebdige, every subculture experiences a similar trajectory and the model also proposes that subcultures are often developed through common resistance. The rest of the society usually views this group to be radical and this leads to response through skepticism, fear and anxiety. This provides the resistance of the subculture power but only for a moment as finally the entrepreneurs find a way in which they take advantage of the music and style of subcultures. In a short period subculture elements are availed in the mainstream media (Hebdige 17). Therefore, what was a rebellious, subversive and radical culture is contained. Therefore when the general society starts identifying with a subculture, the resistant power of this specific subculture starts dying. While this book has been very influential in cultural research as one of the most influential theories that evaluates the subculture of youths, it has faced several critics. However, several researchers have applied the subculture sub model to the other subcultures that have not been identified in the book. The main critiques in the book do not translate in an appropriate manner to American subcultures as class consciousness does not operate in a similar manner. Also, Hebdige places a strong focus on the symbolic definition of style hence overlooking several other elements of youth rebellion.

Gandhis Actions That Affected Generations To Come Essay...

Gandhis Actions That Affected Generations To Come Many people feel they can change the world and better it for future generations. They try all sorts of ways to change life, and many don’t accomplish their goals. One person who did accomplish his goals was Gandhi. Gandhi took many actions to affect those who were doing wrong. But did Gandhi accomplish his goals when he wanted to? Did Gandhi accomplish his goals at all? I feel Gandhi did accomplish his goals, but not in his lifetime. Born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in 1869, the world’s greatest man was born. Gandhi went to school in England to become a lawyer. He was trained in formal law, and was classically trained. His education in law†¦show more content†¦He then formed his idea of passive resistance to, and noncooperation with, the South African authorities. â€Å"Make waves, not war†2 He gained inspiration to be a passive resister from the writer Leo Tolstoy, Gandhi’s greatest influence. Tolstoy left a profound influence and imprint on Gandhi as did the teachings of Jesus Christ and the nineteenth century writer Henry David Thoreau. Thoreau’s essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience† was one Gandhi took to heart. But civil disobedience and passive resistance were believed by Gandhi to be inadequate for his purpose. For that reason Gandhi coined the term Satyagraha, a Sanskrit word meaning truth and firmness. This word defined what Gandhi was working towards. In 1910 Gandhi founded Tolstoy Farms, in Johannesburg, which was a cooperative colony for Indians to go to. The first of Gandhi’s nonviolent protests was the sit-in. He was arrested dozens of time for doing a sit-in. When the Indian people were being oppressed or unfairly taxed, Gandhi would go to an important area. Important as in, in front of a government building of those doing the taxing or oppressing. He would peacefully sit until arrested. The meetings or gatherings could not continue while Gandhi was there and others would join him, usually Indians, so to prevent the evil ways from continuing. After twenty years of sit-ins Gandhi decided he needed something bigger. TheShow MoreRelatedNonviolence Movement : Is It Acceptable For People Throughout The World?1150 Words   |  5 PagesDisobedience strategy, where people protest against government policy to fight for their rights. It is a different and more effective way that people fight for justice. Today, more and more people from all over the world are deciding to use nonviolent actions to make their requests known. Why is nonviolence so acceptable for people throughout the world? Smith (1969) professor of Philosophy at Yale University says: â€Å"On one hand, nonviolence as a form of response is adopted because it is dictated byRead MorePoverty in America and Inequality798 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Poverty is the worst form of violence.† Mahatma Gandhi’s words still ring true in today’s society. Poverty is nothing to sweep under the rug or put on the back burner. While many statistics state that poverty is decreasing, other sources state the opposite. Poverty is a hot topic in the U.S., foreign countries, and speaks true about many genders, ethnic groups, and children. Poverty is present in today’s U.S. social system. For example, as Lesser states in the Clearinghouse Review, â€Å"Forty-sixRead MoreSummary of Ghandi the Movie6362 Words   |  26 Pagesagainst British Rule. Through marches, demonstrations, and protests, Gandhi was able to bring the attention of the world to India by displaying the atrocities of the British Empire and not reacting with violence. 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It now benefits from an image as the un-multinational - a company that comes to places like South Africa andRead MoreWomen Movement in India5580 Words   |  23 PagesMovement, in the Quit India Movement and in all the Gandhian satyagrahas. They held meetings, organized processions, picketed shops selling foreign cloth and liquor and went to jail. While thousands of women joined the freedom movement in response to Gandhi’s call, there were others who could not accept his creed of non-violence and joined revolutionary or terrorist groups. Their hatred of the British was intense and their plan was to make attempts on European lives as widely as possible. They believed

Does the separation of powers provide the President with...

14. Constitutional Question: Does the separation of powers provide the President with an absolute power to withhold information from the other branches? Background Information: After the Watergate Scandal, a man by the name of Leon Jaworski who was in charge of conducting the investigation obtained a subpoena which ordered Nixon to give up tapes and papers related to the meetings. Nixon asserted that he had an absolute executive privilege to protect communications and only released some of them which were edited. He was finally asked by the Supreme Court to release them in its entirety. Opinion: The Court ruled that President Nixon had to release the tapes. Chief Justice Burger said that an absolute and unqualified privilege would be†¦show more content†¦Background Information: The school-sponsored newspaper of Hazelwood High School called The Spectrum was written by its students. The school principal found two articles that he deemed inappropriate and ordered them to be edited out. Cathy Kulhmeier and to other students brought it to court. Opinion: The court held that the 1st Amendment didn’t require schools to promote particular types of student speech. They held that high schools must set certain standards regarding speech and the school retained the right to refuse to sponsor speech that was considered inconsistent within the shared values of a civilized social order. They also said that editorial control over the content of speech is allowed if the school has a legitimate pedagogical concern for it. 19. Constitutional Question: Under the 1st Amendment, is the desecration of an American flag, by burning or otherwise, a form of speech that is protected under it? Background Information: In 1984, Gregory Lee Johnson burned an American flag as a means of protest against Reagan administration policies in front of the Dallas City Hall. Johnson was arrested, tried, and convicted because his action was against Texas law. 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The Constitution created the institution of the presidency in 1789, power of the president has gradually grown from what was first envisioned . The presidential powers were set up to be limited by separation of powers into three branches of government, by the checks and balances scribed in the constitution, by federal systems, political parties and the media. The president is electedRead MoreWatergate Scandal Of United States Vs. Nixon1506 Words   |  7 Pagespresidential power of executive privilege to halt the subpoena against him. The court concluded that his exercised power was not absolute and the need for evidence outweighed the presidential privilege as it was infringing on a criminal case. This case against Nixon was a result of one of the worst presidential scandals in U.S. history. The scandal was the Watergate scandal. The presidential scandal known as Watergate was a shameful incident within the history of American presidents. 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FROM SECTION 2S AY 2011-2012 Topic Page 2 5 8 12 24 29 Chapter 1- Banks and Business of Banking Chapter 2 - Organization, Management, Administration Of Banks Chapter 3 - Deposit Functions Of Banks Chapter 4 - Investments, Loans and Other Bank Functions Chapter 5 - Prohibited Transactions and Cessation Of Banking Business Chapter 6 - Foreign Banks and Trust Operations Read MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pages 5 The Entrepreneurial School Strategy Formation as a Visionary Process 123 6 The Cognitive School Strategy Formation as a Mental Process 149 7 The Learning School Strategy Formation as an Emergent Process 175 8 The Power School Strategy Formation as a Process of Negotiation 233 9 The Cultural School Strategy Formation as a Collective Process 263 10 The Environmental School Strategy Formation as a Reactive Process 285 I I The ConfigurationRead MoreUK - Analysis Report31935 Words   |  128 Pagescurrent strengths, current challenges, future prospects and future risks. 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Slaughter Five by Kurt Vonnegut - 587 Words

Slaughterhouse Five, by Kurt Vonnegut is about a man named Billy Pilgrim who suffers from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder that can develop due to any traumatic event that causes psychological trauma. Some symptoms of PTSD include flashbacks to the traumatic event, nightmares, memory issues, feeling detached or â€Å"emotionally numb†, and exaggerated responses to things that startle the person or remind them of the event. Billy Pilgrim develops PTSD during his time serving as a soldier in WWII. He lives a rather unhappy life on earth. During the war he is always looked down upon and even though he becomes quite successful after the war, he is never fully engaged with the world around him. Billy believes that after the war he is abducted by aliens who brought him to this imaginary place, Tralfamadore. Billy Pilgrim’s life on earth with PTSD forces him to create an imaginary place that helps him to cope. A place that brings him comfort, and a place where he can funtion, and is embraced. The way the Tralfamadorians think of life brings comfort to Billy. They tell Billy â€Å" All time is time. It does not change. It does not lend itself to warnings or explanations. It simply is. Take it moment by moment, that we all are, as I’ve said before, bugs in amber.† (Pg. 86) And when Billy suggests that from that, it sounds like the Tralfamadorian doesn’t believe in free will, he simply replies â€Å"I’ve visited thirtyone inhabited planets in theShow MoreRelated The Downside of War in Kurt Vonnegut Jr.s Slaughter House Five527 Words   |  3 PagesThe Downside of War in Kurt Vonnegut Jr.s Slaughter House Five Many people view soldiers in war to have nothing more than a duty that they must perform; so they see war as being outrageous or ridiculous. 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A deeper probing reveals striking similarities between these disparate works. Vonnegut and Pollan both

The Rise Of Communism During Great Industrial Change

The rise of Communism came about during great industrial change. Karl Marx and Leo Tolstoy wrote during a period where large industrial cities were expanding and where a great number of the working class was living in poverty. These two factors were what really shaped their writings and views on Democracy vs. Communism. Both writers felt a strong pull towards a communistic government in order to create harmony and demolish social classes, which was putting people in great poverty. Karl Marx believed history to be a tale in which the oppressed are fighting the oppressor. The victory of either would pave the way for a future freedom in that society. This mindset led him to distinguish the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat classes. The Bourgeoisie was the higher class who owned land and the Proletariat class was the lower industrial working class. The discord came about because the Bourgeoisie relentlessly exploited the Proletariat class. All the labor done by the working class was just t aken advantage of by the upper class. For example, a factory worker would get paid two dollars to make a yard of cloth. The capitalist would sell that yard of cloth for five dollars so that he could make a profit. The worker in no way benefits form the added value of the cloth, nor the fruits from his labor. He is made to be less of an individual and more of just a number. There is no individuality to his work if he is just pulling a lever all day. Marx believed in Communism because the seedShow MoreRelatedCommunism And Its Impact On The World1583 Words   |  7 PagesCommunism is a system of social organisation which formerly consumed almost a third of countries in the entire world, having originated in Russia. The first official communist state was founded during the Russian revolutions in 1917, due to the inaugural communist political party ‘Bolsheviks’ gaining primal power. Afterwards, the influence of communism spread to other countries with the likes of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and East Germany to name a few. These countries that were governed on communistRead MoreCommunism Of The Vietnam War And The Cold War1181 Words   |  5 PagesCommunism is an ideology that has a very long history more than one-third of the globe. This ideology is followed by Russia, Cuba, Laos, China, North Korea, and Vietnam. This ideology is the source of many revolutions and conflicts throughout the history likes the English Civil War, the Bolshevik Revolution, the Vietnam War, the Korea War and the Cold War. However, what makes Communism different from other ideologies is its origin, its policy, and its effects on the poor and the working class. CommunismRead MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction1357 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategic due to their locations in their respective regions. 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Monopsony and Taste-for-Discrimination Model Free Essays

(1) Monopsony is an economic situation when there are a number of sellers but only one buyer (monopsonist) in the market. Monopsony can be considered as the model symmetrical to market monopoly, and at monopsonic market not the sellers but buyer can determine the price of the goods in the market. A monopsonist can regulate market price by varying the amount of goods he buys. We will write a custom essay sample on Monopsony and Taste-for-Discrimination Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is why the price which monopsonist is ready to pay for the goods will be lower than it can be in any competitive market. The concept of Monopsony was introduced in 1933 by Joan Violet Robinson, a British economist and creator of the theory of imperfect competition. She conducted a series of researches on different economic issues, the results of which were publicized in her book The Economics of Imperfect Competition.   She also studied the dynamics of MC and MRP curves in the situation of monopsonic market and compared those with the dynamics of the corresponding curves in terms of competitive markets. (2) Taste-for-Discrimination model was created by an American economist Gary Becker, who is famous for his studying and interpreting economic concepts from sociological points of view. The model was introduced in the 1950s and described the behavior of employer, which is ready to have extra expenses in order to be associated with some group of the employees instead of another group. Originally, Becker made this assumptions referring to racial discrimination, but the model may be applied not only to racial determinant. Undoubtedly, such situation in the market can bring to lowering the wages of discriminated groups, though the productivity of all the groups will remain equal. Thus, discriminated employees will have lower utility. Correspondently, monetary profits of non-discriminatory companies will be higher than those of discriminatory companies.   In addition, it will affect economic equity, because the companies at the market will tend to segregate the groups of workers in long run period if the customers are ready to pay for the â€Å"taste†. References Robinson, Joan Violet. (2004) The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. NY: Columbia University Press. Schwab, S. J. (1999). Employment Discrimination [Brochure]. Cornell University School of Law. Ithaca, NY. How to cite Monopsony and Taste-for-Discrimination Model, Essay examples